Figure 2. HR12-treatment induces stress-fiber formation in Rat1/ras cells. Rat1/ras cells were treated as in Fig 1 and stained with TRITC-labeled phalloidin. (a) No treatment, (b) 24 h, (c) 48 h, (d) 72 h, and (e) 48 h exposure to HR12, followed by 24 h without the inhibitor. (f) Untransformed Rat1 cells. Bar, 10 µm.

Fig. 1. Line drawing of the dorsal surface of the cerebropleural and pedal ganglia indicating locations of identified neuronal somata of networks for feeding (inset: MCG, PCP, PSE, PCT, 2 I1s, and 3 I2s), escape swimming (inset: A1, As1-4, A10, A3, and A-ci1), and locomotion (G neuron cluster). Filled circles: serotonin immunoreactive somata. Whereas bilaterally symmetrical, somata are only ...

Figure 2. The endothelium as a therapeutic target. An understanding of the endothelial response to pathogens provides a foundation for therapeutic design. For purposes of illustration and discussion, the temporal sequence of events is depicted from left to right. In sepsis, the endothelium is activated by LPS-mediated engagement of the toll-like receptor (TLR4) or by the interaction of inflammator ...

Figure 7. Genetic regulatory networks controlling early PLM and ALM development. Direct relationships, illustrated by continuous lines, are defined by 3 criteria: (1) target gene expression is affected by perturbation of activator; (2) target gene and activator are coexpressed; (3) target gene promoter/enhancer sequences contain binding sites for activators, or length of time between pertur ...

FIG. 1. Global trace residues identify a canonical signal transduction pathway with three functional subdomains: a ligand trigger region, an allosteric linking core and a G protein-coupling region. A shows the top 20% of class A determinants (C{{alpha}} atoms) mapped onto the rhodopsin structure (1HZX [PDB] ) with retinal depicted as a yellow stick model. B shows exclusively the subset that ...

Fig. 7. Carbachol (CCH)-induced {theta} GABAergic depolarization of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells enables GABAergic inputs to entrain CA1 pyramidal cells. A: {theta} rhythm stimulation evoked IPSPs before CCH application (Control). During CCH application (50 µM, 30 min; middle panel), the same pattern of stimulation entrained activity of the pyramidal cell. Action potentials were evoked at the 2 ...

Figure 3. Attenuation of PI3K activity results in cross-modulation of other signaling pathways and intermediates. Cell lysates from S-1, T4-2, and T4-2+LY grown in 3D lrBM or on 2D plastic substrata for 10 d were analyzed for expression of (A) EGFR, ß1 integrin, phosphorylated Akt (serine 473)/total, phosphorylated GSK-3ß (serine 9)/total, and (B) PTEN (n = 3); E-cadherin was used as the loading c ...

Connections Map. This signaling map reflects the pathways investigated in SMGs. Known and putative connections are based on references [6], [11], [23], [36], [76]-[108].

Figure 1. Basic functions for plus and minus end-directed myosins in cells. Myosin drives oriented transportation of cargo (A) and sliding of actin filaments (B). Myosin head (black balls) and tail (black stick) domains, actin filaments (red, blue lines), vesicle (circle), plasma membrane (curved and straight lines). Both indicated types of actin organization (A and B) exist in nonmuscle motile ce ...